Nobel prize in 2020

 Nobel prize in 2020 

science notes for competitive exams in english

Complete List of Nobel                        PrizesWinners 

2020

Nobel Prize award was first conferred in 1901. It is based on the fortune of Alfred Nobel who was a chemist, engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. 

Nobel Prize is given at an international level which is administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm, Sweden. It is awarded for outstanding contributions in several categories including chemistry, literature, peace, physics, physiology or medicine and economic sciences. The will of Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established five Nobel prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901 and economic was awarded in 1969.

The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo, Norway, not in Stockholm, Sweden, where the Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and the Economics Prize are awarded.

Nobel Prizes and Winners list

Nobel Laureates	Field	Contribution
Harvey J. Alter	Medicine	Discovered Hepatitis C virus
Michael Houghton
Charles M. Rice
Roger Penrose	Physics	Discovered that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity
Reinhard Genzel		Discovered supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy
Andrea Ghez
Emmanuelle Charpentier	Chemistry	Discovered the method for genome editing
Jennifer A. Doudna
Louise Glück	Literature	For her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal
World Food Programme (WFP)	Peace	For its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict.
Paul R. Milgrom	Economic Sciences	For improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats.
Robert B. Wilson

•  Most important science for exam

Metals  &  their  Uses

Metals: 

 Metals are good conductors of  heat & electricity  and are malleable and ductile.

 Gold and silver are most  malleable  and best  ductile  metals. 

 Silver is the  best  conductor of heat followed by copper.

 Aluminium and copper are good conductors of heat that’s why cooking utensils are made of them.

 Mercury offers high resistance to the flow of electric current.

 Sodium and potassium are so soft that they can be easily  cut with knife. 

 Metals are electropositive in nature. Almost all the metal oxide are basic in nature but zinc oxide and aluminium oxide are amphoteric. 

 Alkali metals and their compounds Metals of first group are alkali metals.

 This group lies in the  s-block  of the periodic table of elements as all alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital. Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium are alkali metals.

 These metals are stored under  kerosene or liquid paraffin’s  to protect them from action of air.

 Sodium chloride (NaCl): Commonly known as table salt Used in the manufacturing of sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas.

 It is used as a starting material in the manufacturing of caustic soda.

 It is used in the  removing of ice from road, now a- days CaCl2  and MgCl2  are also used for this purpose. 

 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH): Used in the refining of bauxite material. 

 Used in soap, dyes and artificial industries. 

 Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3): 

It is commonly known as  baking soda. Used for wool washing.

 Used in the fire extinguisher.

 Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3):

 1.  It is commonly known as  washing soda. 

2.  Used for softening of hard water.

 3.  Mixture of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate is known as  Fusion mixture. 

 Sodium Sulphate: 

1. It is commonly known as  Glauber’s salt. It is used as purgative.

 Sodium thiosulphate:

1. It is commonly known as  Hypo  and used in the  photography  as fixing agent. 

 Potassium carbonate:

1. It is known as  pearl ash.

 Potassium hydroxide:

1. Commonly known as caustic potash. Use in the preparation of soft soap. 

2. Its aqueous solution is known as  potash Iye. 

 Potassium superoxide.

1. Used in space capsules, submarines and breathing mask as it removes in carbon dioxide and carbon monoixide. 

 Alkaline Earth Metals and their compounds :

1. The  alkaline earth metals  are six elements in column (group) 2 of the Periodic table.

2. They are beryllium (Be),magnesium(Mg),calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr),barium (Ba), and radium (Ra).

3. They have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silverywhite, somewhat reactive metal at same temperature and pressure. 

 Mg(OH2) is known as  milk of magnesia  and use as an  antacid.